GoetzPortfolios (ARMAMENT): Defense companies get the bulk of their revenue from one customer -- the U.S. government. Fortunately, that customer has deep pockets and a long history of paying its bills. The federal government’s stability gives defense companies and investors some predictability when it comes to managing cash and projecting growth. Let's look closer at these standout companies: Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin is the world's largest defense pure play. It’s the lead contractor on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the world’s most expensive airplane. Lockheed’s legendary "Skunk Works" research facility in California is world-renowned, and the company has leveraged its research muscle to become a leader in advanced fighter planes, high-tech missiles, and cutting-edge electronics. Boeing Boeing is best known for its commercial airplanes, but its defense business is large enough to rank among the industry’s titans. Boeing makes several different aircraft and helicopters for the Pentagon and is also involved in space pursuits. The company's defense business has also branched out into autonomous submarines and other products. Northrop Grumman Northrop Grumman is responsible for stealth bombers and has a large space portfolio. The company is closely tied to the nuclear triad, which is a combination of nuclear missiles, bombers, and submarines able to strike back if the nation is attacked. General Dynamics General Dynamics is one of two primary military shipbuilders and has a portfolio of tanks and land vehicles that make it one of the go-to vendors for the U.S. Army. General Dynamics also has one of the largest defense-focused IT and services businesses, giving it some revenue stability at times when the Pentagon is cutting back on equipment purchases. Raytheon Technologies Raytheon Technologies doesn't make warships or fighters, but it has a role in a wide range of important military platforms led by other contractors. It is the product of the 2020 merger between Raytheon, a defense electronics and missile specialist, and United Technologies, which makes aircraft engines and a variety of other aerospace parts. Leidos Holdings Leidos Holdings is the largest government https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/market-sectors/information-technology/ (IT) company. It has also actively expanded into hardware, providing the electronics and brains for autonomous ships and building a strong portfolio of classified research capabilities geared for the intelligence and space community. Defense ETFs If you are bullish on defense but would rather not choose among individual companies, you can buy shares in one or more https://www.fool.com/investing/how-to-invest/etfs/ (ETFs) that cover the sector. Three primary ETFs are focused on defense: Invesco Aerospace & Defense (https://www.fool.com/quote/nyse/ppa/) SPDR S&P Aerospace & Defense (https://www.fool.com/quote/nyse/xar/) iShares U.S. Aerospace & Defense (https://www.fool.com/quote/bats/ita/) Defense goes electric For most of its history, the defense industry’s primary expertise was in metal-bending. There were only a few companies on Earth capable of building massive battleships, bombers, and tanks. But in defense, like the rest of the world, the value is increasingly going not to the companies that forge the steel but to the ones that provide the brains that go inside it. Defense electronics and https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/market-sectors/information-technology/cybersecurity-stocks/ is a growing piece of almost every company’s portfolio. It’s where a lot of the internal investment is going right now. Defense IT also remains a priority, with vendors scrambling to provide secure networks and data-rich communications systems to the Pentagon. Will conflict move defense stocks? The Russian invasion of Ukraine is likely to reverberate through the defense sector for years to come. The move reignited simmering Cold War-era tensions and provided a horrific reminder of the importance of a strong, modernized military. Investors need to understand that defense projects tend to have multiyear timetables, and there is likely not going to be much, if any, of a near-term sales boost due to the conflict. Although there might be opportunities for incremental new sales, particularly to U.S. allies in Eastern Europe, any gains tied to the conflict are not likely to be enough to alter the investment thesis on these defense titans. Large defense contractors generate much better margins on research and development into advanced new weapons systems than they do from selling one-off missiles or ammunition. If the U.S. government were to deemphasize research to fund active operations, conflict in Europe or elsewhere could actually be a negative to defense stocks. However, given the importance of research, that seems unlikely to happen. Investing in defense companies Many associate defense companies with tanks and guns, but the sector is defined more broadly to include companies that primarily cater to the Pentagon or other government agencies. The list includes weapons makers but also service companies that run IT networks, manage inventories, and perform other tasks for government agencies. The strengths of defense companies include: Ability to navigate the Byzantine government procurement process and having "armies" of employees with the security clearances necessary to do defense work. Predictable revenues, driven largely by the government annually providing a five-year outlook of planned purchases. https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/types-of-stocks/dividend-stocks/, which are due in part to research and development by some defense companies being funded by the government -- freeing up cash that can be returned to shareholders. How to find the best defense stocks The defense sector tends to be a stable group of companies with a few failures but also a few standouts. Here are some tips to consider when evaluating individual defense companies: Listen to the customer The Pentagon has an insatiable appetite for new equipment, but with aircraft carriers costing more than $10 billion apiece and F-35 fighters priced at $80 million or more each, there are limits to how much the government can buy. To figure out the likely winners and losers, pay attention to the budgeting process. Early in the year, the Pentagon sends a funding request to Congress, which then holds hearings to discuss priorities and make final allocation choices over the course of the spring and into the summer. An investor need not hang on every word, but the budget request, which is available on the Pentagon’s website, and commentary elsewhere can provide clues about which billion-dollar programs are an administration priority. Follow the numbers Companies will often highlight massive contract awards in press releases without explaining that those big award numbers are often spread out over many years and may be dependent on Congress approving the funds. Pay attention to these metrics when evaluating defense stocks: Free cash flow: This is important for any business, but https://www.fool.com/investing/how-to-invest/stocks/free-cash-flow/ can vary for defense contractors based on whether their projects are new or well-established. Companies often spend more in the early stages of a production contract, temporarily depressing cash flow. Corporate backlogs: Investors should pay close attention to corporate backlogs, which are future contracts that have been awarded but not yet executed. How much of that backlog has been funded and how much of it must go through the congressional budgeting process can vary greatly. Book-to-bill ratio: This metric compares the value of orders received in a given quarter with the amount billed and indicates a company's growth potential. A https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/types-of-stocks/growth-stocks/ should have a book-to-bill ratio of at least 1.0, implying that orders for future products are being booked at a rate that equals or exceeds what is being shipped today. Should you invest in defense stocks? Defense companies manufacture lethal products and can be involved in supporting clandestine operations or intelligence gathering that some find unsettling. If you don’t want to support those activities, then investing in defense stocks is not a great choice for you. Defense stocks, like many https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/market-sectors/industrials/, tend to be more plodding than high-flying https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/market-sectors/information-technology/ or https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/market-sectors/healthcare/biotech-stocks/ stocks. Defense stocks are best suited for income-oriented investors seeking steady growth and rising dividends rather than immense valuation increases. (15.07. 02:26)